Eräänä päivänä viime viikolla puhuin yhdelle bitcoin-käyttäjälle Gazan alueella.
Hän pyysi pysymään tuntemattomana ja menemään nimellä Uqab-arabiankielinen sana”kotka”-, koska hän otti suuren henkilökohtaisen riskin puhuakseen minulle.
Puhuimme sähkeessä ja pidimme ajoittaa puhelumme, koska Uqabilla on vain muutama tunti sähköä päivässä. Hänelle keskustelumme oli keskellä yötä. Palestiinalainen ystävä auttoi kääntämään puhelun suorana. Puhuessamme oli vaikea ymmärtää, millainen elämä oli linjan toisessa päässä.
Uqab puhui meille Rafahista, kaupungista Gazan eteläosassa, joka on vain muutaman viikon päässä Israelin armeijan voimakkaasta pommituksesta. Minusta tuntui kuin puhuisin jollekin muulta planeetalta.
Hän puhui teistä, jotka olivat tuhoutuneet, rakennukset höyrystyneet, sähkökatkokset ja tarvikkeet rajoitettu. kartta Israelin ohjusiskuista saa Gazan näyttämään sveitsiläiseltä juustolta ja antaa tunteen rakenteelliset vauriot.
Uqab pyysi minua pohtimaan, kuinka huonot asiat ovat olleet taloudellisesti ympäri maailmaa, jopa Yhdysvalloissa, pandemian ja sitä seuranneiden lukkiutumisten takia, ja sanoi:”Kuvittele nyt, millaista meillä on ollut. ”
I. Aina auki oleva tarkastuspiste
Gazan alue on noin viiden mailin leveä ja 28 mailin pituinen alue, joka sijaitsee Israelin lounaiskulman, Egyptin Siinain ja Välimeren välissä. Alun perin palestiinalaisyhteisön tulvii pakolaisista, jotka pakenivat nykyiseltä Israelilta vuoden 1948 arabien ja Israelin sodan jälkeen, ja se on nykyään yksi tiheimmin asuttuista paikoista maan päällä. Gaza on alle puolet Texasin Austinista, mutta asukasluku on yli kaksinkertainen. Ajattele Hongkongia, mutta piiritettiin autiomaassa, murtuneella infrastruktuurilla.
Viimeisten neljän vuosikymmenen aikana kaksi miljoonaa asukasta-puolet heistä alle 18-vuotiaita-on kärsinyt lähes täydellisestä sivilisaatioromahduksesta..
Vuonna 2006 Hamas-joka perustettiin Israelin tuhoamistehtävään eikä tunnusta sen oikeutta olemassaoloon- voitti Palestiinan vaalit, mitä pidettiin yleisesti protestina äänestyksessä äärimmäinen korruptio ja epäasianmukaisuus, jota hallitseva Fatah-puolue oli osoittanut 12 vuoden aikana palestiinalaishallinnon perustamisesta. Monet kansainväliset toimijat eivät pitäneet vaaleja laillisina-esimerkiksi Yhdysvallat ja EU pitää Hamasia terroristiryhmänä-ja Fatah tarttui valtaan Länsirannalla. Samaan aikaan Gazanit joutuivat islamistisen poliisivaltion diktaattorin alaisuuteen. Vastatoimena Israelin ja Egyptin hallitukset sulkivat Gazan ulkomailta vuonna 2007.
Tänään Gazassa asuva 15-vuotias on selviytynyt neljästä suuresta sodasta Israelin puolustusvoimien (IDF) välillä. ja Hamas, viimeisin tapahtuma kaksi kuukautta sitten.
Tämän vuoden 10. toukokuuta ja 21. toukokuuta välisenä aikana Hamas ampui yli 4300 rakettia Israelin kaupunkeihin ja IDF vastasi yli 1500 ohjuksella. omasta. Tämä taistelu oli pahin näiden kahden välillä vuodesta 2014. YK: n raportti julkaistu viime kuussa arvion mukaan vahinko oli välillä 280-380 miljoonaa dollaria, ja ennustettiin elpymisbudjetin 345 miljoonasta dollariin 485 miljoonaan dollariin. Raunioiden keskellä 800 000 Gazania ei pääse puhtaaseen juomaveteen. He voivat poistua ulkomaailmaan virallisesti vain kahden tarkastuspisteen kautta, ja myös ne oli kytketty päälle ja pois väkivallan aikana.
Vuonna 2012 YK julkaisi paperin ennustaa , että Gaza on”elämätön”vuoteen 2020 mennessä. Tämä ennuste on traagisen tarkka. Maailmanpankin raportti, joka julkaistiin kaksi viikkoa sitten, jo ennen viimeisintä pommi-iskuja, Gazan työttömyysaste oli 48 prosenttia ja alle 30-vuotiaiden 64 prosenttia. Yksi joka toinen Gazan-mukaan lukien yli 400 000 lasta-elää köyhyydessä, ja yli 80% kotitalouksista on riippuvainen ruoka-aineistosta tai jonkinlaisesta sosiaalisesta avusta.
Vuoden 2017 IMF: n raportti , Israelin ja Hamasin välinen sota vuoden 2008 lopussa tuhosi yli 60% Gazan pääomakannasta ja pommitukset vuonna 2014 tuhosi 85% jäljellä olevasta. Vuosien 1994 ja 2018 välisenä 25 vuotena Gazan todellinen BKT asukasta kohden laski 44 prosenttia, ja Gazan kansalaiset saivat 96 prosentista Länsirannan kollegoidensa keskimääräisistä tuloista vain 30 prosenttiin. Kaikki tämä huolimatta siitä, että sillä on yksi maailman korkeimmista syntyvyysasteista, yli 3,5 lasta per perhe tänään, lähes seitsemän lasta per perhe vuonna 1990.
Gazan ulkopuolisiin investointeihin on kuihtunut 11 prosentista koko Palestiinan BKT: stä vuonna 1994 vain 2,7 prosenttiin vuonna 2018. Hamasin ja Israelin välisen sodan 2008-2009 jälkimainingeissa arvioi , että yli 90% nauhan tehtaista suljettiin. Äärimmäiset rajoitukset Israelin kanssa käytävälle kaupalle saivat raskaan tullin. Gazan ainoa voimalaitos toimii vain murto sen kapasiteetista, koska kyvyttömyys tuoda tarpeeksi polttoainetta ja osia. Maatalousala on romahtanut, koska maanviljelijät menettivät Israelin tärkeimmät tavaramarkkinat ja olivat pakotettu myymään paljon pienemmälle Gazan väestölle halvemmalla. Joissakin tapauksissa heidän täytyi tuhota satoaan.
Vuonna 2020 YK: n raportti katsoivat asiayhteyttä, jossa Gazanilla ei ollut lisärajoituksia vuoden 2006 jälkeen ja joissa sen sijaan niiden talous jatkoi kasvuaan samalla nopeudella kuin Länsirannan talous. Tuossa unelmamaailmassa tulot asukasta kohden olisivat 105,5% korkeammat, saavuttaen 1 539 dollaria. Sen sijaan todellisessa painajaisessa, jossa Gazanit elävät, se on nykyään selvästi alle 1 000 dollaria.
Gazan talouskatastrofi ei ole uusi eikä se johdu pelkästään viimeisten 15 vuoden sodasta ja autoritaarisuudesta. Pikemminkin se on tulosta politiikoista, jotka alkoivat vuosikymmeniä sitten. Vuonna 1987 Harvardin tutkija Sarah Roy julkaisi maamerkin paperin , jossa käytettiin vuosien kenttätöitä ja haastatteluja. taloudelliset kustannukset kaksikymmentä vuotta sotamiehityksestä Gazan alueella vuodesta 1967. Kuvatakseen näkemänsä hän loi uuden termin”kehityksen vähentäminen”. Tämä oli”alkuperäiskansojen tarkoituksellinen, järjestelmällinen ja asteittainen pilkkominen hallitsevan talouden toimesta, jossa taloudellista-ja laajemminkin-yhteiskunnallista potentiaalia ei vain vääristetä, vaan myös kielletään”.
Gazan tulot ja taloudellinen tuotos nousi merkittävästi vuodesta 1967 vuoteen 1987 johtuen rahalähetyksistä Israelissa ja ulkomailla. Mutta Roy huomautti, että tätä pääomavirtaa käytettiin suurelta osin kulutustavaroiden ostamiseen Israelista, ja kaksi kolmasosaa käytettävissä olevista tuloista meni yksityiseen kulutukseen 1980-luvun puoliväliin mennessä. Tämä johti”lisääntyneeseen kulutusmuotoon Gazan alueella, jolla on vain vähän, jos sellaista, taloudellisista eduista, joita tällaisesta kuluttajuudesta koituu Stripille.”
Roy totesi, että suuri osuus Gazan työvoimasta Israelissa ei ollut merkki yhteiskunnasta, jossa ”koettiin tyypillisiä teollistumisprosessiin (tai modernisointiin liittyviä malleja), jossa työvoima siirtyy vähitellen maataloudesta muuhun kuin maatalouteen… pikemminkin Gazan työvoiman kannalta päätös etsiä työtä Israelista on vertailukelpoisten vaihtoehtojen puuttumisesta Gazan kotitaloudessa.”Vuoteen 1987 mennessä Roy huomasi, että Gazan talouden tunnusmerkkejä olivat”oman sisäisen taloudellisen perustansa heikentyminen ja siitä johtuva riippuvuus Israelista”.
Vuonna 1991 Israelin puolustusministeri Moshe Arens lupasi 75 miljoonaa dollaria uutta tukea auttaa jälleenrakentamaan Gazaa. Mutta aluehistoria osoittaa, että suurin osa näistä lahjoista on eliitin taskussa, eivätkä ne paranna keskivertoisen ihmisen elämää. Pelkällä avulla ei voida korjata kuolevaa pääomaa.
Kaiken tämän kautta Gazanit osoittavat edelleen uskomattoman sitkeyttä. Reuters lainasi muutama viikko sitten kaupan omistajaa nimeltä Ashraf Abu Mohammad nimellä sanomalla ,”Elämä palaa, koska tämä ei ole ensimmäinen sota eikä se ole viimeinen sota. Sydämellä on tuskaa, on tapahtunut katastrofeja, perheitä on pyyhitty siviilirekisteristä, ja tämä surettaa meitä, mutta tämä on meidän kohtalomme tässä maassa pysyä kärsivällisinä.”
Mutta kärsivällisyydellä on rajat. Kun puhuin Uqabille, oli selvää, että hän ei aio odottaa ikuisesti. Hän kertoi minulle haluavansa paeta ja rakentaa parempaa elämää perheelleen. Ja Bitcoinin kautta hän on löytänyt ulospääsyn.
Hän sanoi, että bitcoinin kysyntä Gazassa on kasvanut viimeisten kahden vuoden aikana, lähinnä nuorten keskuudessa. Gazanit voivat olla fyysisesti loukussa ja taloudellisesti erotettu ulkomaailmasta, mutta Uqab kutsui Bitcoinia”tarkastuspisteeksi, joka on aina auki.”
“Se on antanut joidenkin ihmisten päästä eroon köyhyydestä”, hän sanoi.”He sijoittavat vain vähitellen, vähitellen, mutta se toimii.”Hän jopa sanoi, että Gazanit ovat viime aikoina”ostaneet dippiä”ja nopeuttaneet ostamistaan bitcoinin hinnan laskiessa.
Jotkut saavat bitcoinia suoraan mobiilisovellusten kautta ulkomaisilta ystäviltä tai perheenjäseniltä. Toiset käyttävät Telegram-ryhmiä koordinoimaan henkilökohtaisia tapaamisia käteiskaupan käymiseksi bitcoinille, tai he vievät käteistä tiili-ja laastiliikkeisiin ja vaihtavat siellä. Näissä myymälöissä Uqab sanoi, että viranomaiset tekevät leikkauksen ja pitävät luetteloita siitä, kuka ostaa ja myy. Ketään ei vielä ole pidätetty Bitcoinin käytöstä. Bitcoinien tallentamiseksi puhelimiinsa Gazans voi käyttää vapausrangaistuksena Binancea tai Payeeria tai vapaana pidettävänä ratkaisuna Sinistä lompakkoa, jolla on arabiankielinen tuki.
Virkamiesten varoituksista huolimatta useampi Gazan liittyy Bitcoin-verkko päivittäin.
“Meillä on sanonta”, Uqab sanoi:”Jos hallitus sanoo, että jotain on haramia, se tarkoittaa, että se on halal.”
Puhuimme monista asioista: Miksi Uqab mieluummin bitcoin sekeleihin (kaikkea Gazassa valvotaan, mutta sinulla voi olla paljon bitcoinia, eikä perheesi edes tiedä); Voivatko IDF tai Hamas estää ihmisiä käyttämästä Bitcoinia? (“Olemme liian älykkäitä tähän, löydämme aina ulospääsyn”); Voisiko Satoshi ennustaa ihmisten käyttävän Bitcoinia Gazassa? (“Ehdottomasti ei”); Oliko hän kuullut El Salvadorista, joka teki laillisen bitcoinin? (se oli iso voitto, he hurrasivat kuullessaan uutiset); Voisiko Gazans ottaa Bitcoinin käyttöön nopeammin kuin israelilaiset? (He eivät saa ottaa riskiä, jonka Gazanit ovat valmiita ottamaan); Ja mikä vikaa pankkijärjestelmässä? (“Me kaikki tiedämme korkojen veloittamisen ihmisiltä, joille lainat rahaa, on syntistä”).
Gazassa Uqab kertoi minulle, ettei Venmolla, PayPalilla ole mitään helppoa tapaa käydä kauppaa ulkomaailman kanssa. Rahoitusinfrastruktuuri romahtaa yhtä pahoin kuin fyysinen ja sosiaalinen infrastruktuuri. Mutta tänään hän voi tehdä Bitcoinin kanssa sen, mikä oli ennen mahdotonta: lähettää ja vastaanottaa rahaa ulkomaiselle perheelle ja perheeltä nopeasti, suoraan ja tuskin ilman minkäänlaisia maksuja.
Uqab kertoi aiemmin kansainvälisten maksujen osalta, että Persianlahden tai Yhdysvaltojen olisi lähetettävä rahaa pankkitilin kautta Kiinassa tai Thaimaassa, jolloin rahat lopulta laskeutuvat Gazan valuuttatoimistoon.
“Monet välittäjät tekisivät leikkauksensa”, hän sanoi ja jättää vastaanottajalle vain prosenttiosuuden alun perin lähetetyistä. Lisäksi hän sanoi, että Western Unionin toimistot ovat tänään alkaneet pyytää todisteita verisuhteista, ja kuulustelut ja takavarikoinnit ovat usein.
“Bitcoinilla”, Uqab sanoi,”minun ei tarvitse läpäistä testit tai valintaruudut. Voin vain käyttää sitä.”
Nykyään hän voi vastaanottaa tai ansaita rahaa suoraan, rajojen yli, ja olla oma pankinsa uudessa rahoitusjärjestelmässä.
“Se on paljon parempi”, hän sanoi ja kertoi minulle ylpeänä, että hän tuntee ainakin jossain määrin”vertaisvertaiseksi”muiden kanssa maailmassa.
“Bitcoinin avulla tulemme jatkamaan elämäämme”, hän sanoi.”Inshallah, useat palestiinalaiset löytävät tämän tekniikan.”
Uqab ei ole vielä voinut lähteä Gazasta. Mutta ainakin toistaiseksi hän pystyy säästämään kyberavaruudessa pitämällä rahansa turvassa viranomaisilta. Se on iso innovaatio, sellainen, jota palestiinalaiset tarvitsevat kipeästi.
Poliittisen kärsimyksensä jatkuvassa katsauksessa-Israelin armeijan miehityksen, Hamasin terroritaktiikan, korruptoituneen palestiinalaishallinnon ja suurelta osin huolimattoman maailman loukkuun-heidän rahapolitiikkansa ja taloudellinen tilanne jää usein kertomatta. Mutta raha on heidän kamppailujensa juuressa.
Palestiinalaisilla ei ole valuuttaansa. Heidän taloudellisen suvereniteettinsa puute on vahingoittanut syvästi heidän kasvua ja tulevaisuuden näkymiä. Mutta monet Uqabin kaltaiset ovat siirtymässä Bitcoiniin keinona tarttua taloudelliseen vapauteen.
II. Taloudellisen tukahduttamisen historia
Yli 30 vuotta vuoden 1987 Gazasta kirjoittamansa tutkimuksen jälkeen Sarah Roy heijastaa , että”tapahtumat ovat vähentäneet palestiinalaisia humanitaariseksi ongelmaksi, riistäneet (ja poliittisten ja taloudellisten oikeuksien ansaitsematon ja riippuvainen kansainvälisestä yhteisöstä ravinnoksi, jossa avusta ei edistymistä tulee ensisijainen ellei ainoa poliittinen vaihtoehto.”Hän kirjoitti, että”palestiinalaiset pitävät nykyisyyttä parempana kuin tulevaisuus.”
Monet epätoivon syyt liittyvät heidän taloudelliseen ja taloudelliseen tilanteeseensa, jossa palestiinalaiset ovat tulleet syvästi riippuvaisiksi ulkomaailmasta, mutta silti katkenneet samaan aikaan. Mutta itse raha-aihe on syrjäytetty ja joskus jätetään huomiotta nykyisessä keskustelussa. Esimerkiksi tyhjentävässä, kirjan kokoisessa raportin Israelista ja Palestiinasta. Valuutta-, pankki-, rahalähetys-ja kauppakysymykset jäävät käytännössä mainitsematta. Pariisin pöytäkirja-erittäin tärkeä asiakirja, joka allekirjoitettiin vuonna 1994 ja joka edelleen määrittelee palestiinalaisten raha-ja taloussäännöt-puuttui kokonaan.
Jotta voimme syventyä syvemmälle, meidän on esitettävä uusia kysymyksiä. Miksi Palestiinan talous on niin riippuvainen Israelin taloudesta? Miksi palestiinalaiset käyttävät sekeliä eivätkä omaa valuuttaa? Miksi palestiinalaiset eivät voi helposti tilata tavaroita Amazonista tai saada rahaa ulkomailta? Saadaksesi lisätietoja puhuin palestiinalaisen poliittisen taloustieteilijän Alaa Tartirin kanssa.
Tartir, joka asuu nyt Sveitsissä perheensä kanssa, on syntynyt Ramallahissa ja tunnistaa teini-ikäisenä työskentelystään kiinnostuksensa rahaan. Kun hän oli 14-vuotias, hän aloitti pitkiä vuoroja ruokakaupassa tukemaan perhettään ja säästämään koulutukseensa. Hän ei voinut ottaa mitään itsestäänselvyytenä ja oli täysin itsenäinen. Tämä motivoi häntä jatkamaan työskentelyä seitsemän vuoden ajan, kunnes hän valmistui finanssi-ja kirjanpitotutkinnosta.
Hän kasvoi koko ajan opiskellessaan ympäröivää talousjärjestelmää. Hän”oli tekemisissä aristokraattien ja eliittien kanssa”, hän sanoi ja alkoi ymmärtää, kuinka palestiinalaishallinto käytti hyväkseen asemaansa ja käytti apuaan ja muita tuloja rikastuttaakseen itsensä, samaan aikaan yhteistyössä Israelin hallituksen kanssa jättäen keskimääräisen palestiinalaisen kylmään.
Tartir käveli läpi modernin Palestiinan talous-ja rahapoliittisen tarinan, joka yleensä jätetään huomiotta tai ainakin vie taaksepäin tunnetummalle poliittiselle tarinalle.
“Se on pohjimmiltaan piilotettua”, hän sanoi,”vaikka israelilaisen näyttelijän valta palestiinalaisnäyttelijään on juurtunut kaikkeen sekelin käytöstä aina siihen tapaan, kun Israelin hallitus kerää tulomme ulkomailla, miten meillä ei ole keskuspankkia. ”
Hän sanoi, että raha on kiistatta liikkeellepaneva voima sille, miksi palestiinalaiset ovat nykyään, missä miehitys, korruptio ja sota ovat johtaneet kehitykseen, sivilisaatioiden pysähtymiseen ja pääomakannan heikentyminen.
Aloitimme vuosina, jolloin Israelin armeijan miehitys alkoi vuonna 1967, jolloin sen politiikka näytti alun perin auttavan palestiinalaisia taloudellisesta näkökulmasta. Kauppa avautui muiden arabimaiden kanssa, ja palestiinalaiset pystyivät yhä useammin työskentelemään Israelissa korkeammasta palkkasta kuin mitä he voisivat tehdä kotona.
Mutta sillä oli suurempi asialista. 60-, 70-ja 80-luvuilla Israelin hallitus suunnitteli miehitysjärjestelmän, joka kannusti palestiinalaisia työskentelemään Israelissa ja esti heitä kehittämästä tuotantopohjaa lisäämällä riippuvuutta Israelin tuonnista. Kahden vuosikymmenen aikana vuosina 1968-1987 teollisuuden osuus BKT: sta miehitetyillä palestiinalaisalueilla (Länsiranta, Itä-Jerusalem ja Gazan alue) laski 9 prosentista 7 prosenttiin. Vuonna 1970 OPT-alueella oli 59 000 maataloustyöntekijää, mikä on 5,4% väestöstä, verrattuna vain 54 000 eli 2,3 prosentille väestöstä vuonna 1993.
Tartir selitti, että riippuvuus Israelista tuli 1970-ja 1980-luvuilla lähes täydelliseksi, kun sen tuotteet ylitetty 90 % OPT-tuonnista, jolloin palestiinalaiset ovat toiseksi suurin israelilaisten tavaroiden ostaja amerikkalaisten jälkeen. Kuten israelilainen taloustieteilijä Shir Hever kirjoitti ,”tärkein tulolähteeksi palestiinalaisille tuli palestiinalaisten työntekijöiden rahalähetyksiä… vuoteen 1974 mennessä kolmasosa palestiinalaisista työvoimasta oli jo työskennellyt Israelissa… monet palestiinalaiset maanviljelijät hylkäsivät viljelymaansa työskennelläkseen Israelissa, ja Israelin viranomaiset käyttivät tätä hyväkseen ja takavarikoitu maa, joka pysyi viljelemättömänä tietyn ajan.”Tämä on todistaa kuinka”Palestiinan maatalouden tuottavuus [laski] jyrkästi 53 prosentista BKT: stä vuonna 1967 13 prosenttiin 1980-luvun loppupuolelle”.
1980-luvun puoliväliin mennessä Palestiinan taloudellinen kasvu alkoi hidastua. Öljyn hinnan romahdus ja äärimmäinen inflaatio Israelissa kaativat palestiinalaisten rahalähetyksiä ulkomailta. Vuonna 1987 palestiinalaiset nousivat valtavan poliittisen turhautumisen jälkeen ja heidän kohonneen elämänlaadunsa jälkeen hajautetussa itsemääräämisoikeuteen tähtäävässä liikkeessä, joka tunnetaan nimellä Intifada.
Poliittisen tutkijan Tariq Danan mukaan , Intifada oli”taloudellista sodankäyntiä” kaksi osaa :”Ensimmäiset pyrkivät vahingoittamaan Israelin taloudellisia etuja OPT-alueella kansalaistottelemattomuuden taktiikoilla, kuten kaupalliset lakot, boikotoimalla israelilaisia tuotteita, lähdevero palkkojen maksaminen ja kieltäytyminen työskentelemästä israelilaisilla toreilla ja siirtokunnissa… toisessa osassa palestiinalaiset ottivat kotitalous-ja naapurustotalouden mallit käyttöön selviytymisen ja omavaraisuuden varmistamiseksi.”
Alun perin Tartirin mukaan Israelin hallitus hyötyi ammatista. Kerätyt verot ylittivät menot; Israelia tulvivat matalapalkkaiset työntekijät; se sai kytkösmarkkinat huonolaatuiselle viennille; ja se voisi hyödyntää OPT: n luonnonvaroja halvemmalla kuin markkinahinnat. Intifada onnistui tekemään miehityksestä paljon kalliimpaa Israelille-1990-luvun alun jälkeen se ei enää tuottanut voittoa ja siitä tuli kallis yritys-mutta kansannousu ei onnistunut saavuttamaan palestiinalaisten todellista itsenäisyyttä.
III. Pariisin pöytäkirja
Palestiinan vapautusjärjestön (PLO) ja Israelin hallituksen edustajat kokoontuivat 29. huhtikuuta 1994 Ranskassa allekirjoittamaan harvoin keskustellun asiakirjan nimeltä”Taloudellisia suhteita koskeva pöytäkirja”.”Pariisin pöytäkirja”.
Tämä kokous oli osa Oslon sopimusta, joka on kansainvälisesti tuettu rauhanprosessi, jonka kautta palestiinalaiset saivat poliittisen autonomian. Oslo merkitsi intifadan loppua ja palestiinalaishallinnon ja sen valtionrakentamisprosessin alkua. Se herätti palestiinalaisten ulkomaanavun aikakauden, koska aiemmin avunantajat olivat haluttomia rahoittamaan Israelia, kun se oli suoraviivainen miehitysvalta. Erityisesti se voitti PA-presidentin Yassir Arafatin ja Israelin pääministerit Shimon Peresin ja Yizhak Rabinin Nobelin rauhanpalkinnon”pyrkimyksistä luoda rauhaa Lähi-itään”.
Miksi Israelin hallitus luopuisi täydellisestä valvonnasta OPT: n yli, mikä se oli edellisten 25 vuoden aikana? Palestiinan vastarinta sekä kansainvälinen ja kotimainen paine olivat tietysti ensisijaisia tekijöitä, mutta Tartirin mielestä tärkein syy oli kyky nähdä”lahjoittavan”poliittinen autonomia PLO: lle luomalla PA: n säilyttäen samalla taloudellinen valvonta kulissien takana. Pariisin pöytäkirja.
Pariisin pöytäkirja ohjaa edelleen Palestiinan raha-, vero-, vero-, maatalous-, vakuutus-, teollisuus-ja työvoimapolitiikkaa sekä matkailua ja kauppaa Israelin kanssa. Sen piti lisätä Palestiinan kauppaa, antaa PA: n perustaa virallinen julkinen sektori ja tuottaa verotuloja kansalaisiltaan ja lisätä työllistymismahdollisuuksia.
Mutta Tartirin mukaan Oslon prosessi on vain ruokkinut kuluttaja-asioita. kulttuuri ja lisääntynyt riippuvuus.”Arafat ja hänen ystävänsä uhrasivat yksilön vapauden ja taloudellisen itsemääräämisoikeuden”, hän sanoi.”He uhrasivat henkilökohtaisen hyödynsa vuoksi.”
Pöytäkirjan piti olla väliaikainen-sen oli tarkoitus kestää vain viisi vuotta vuoteen 1999 asti-mutta on voimassa 28 vuotta myöhemmin. Asiakirjassa todettiin, että palestiinalaisilla ei olisi keskuspankkia eikä omaa valuuttaa. Sen sijaan he saisivat”Palestiinan rahaviranomaisen”(PMA), joka nimettiin harhaanjohtavasti, koska sillä ei ollut sellaista.
Israel hallitsisi Palestiinan rahapolitiikkaa ja sen pankkijärjestelmää. Israelin uusi sekeli olisi pakollinen laillinen maksuväline Länsirannalla ja Gazan alueella. Pankit nimittäisivät talletukset ja lainat sekeleinä. PMA: lla olisi harkintavalta varantovaatimuksista , mutta vähän muuta. Kaikki tämän järjestelmän muutokset edellyttävät yhteisen talouskomission äänestystä-tavoite organisaatio , joka vuosien varrella joutui lepotilaan ja Israelin hallintaan.
Allekirjoittamalla Pariisin pöytäkirjan Israelin hallitus vahvisti seuraavaa:
Tullimäärän valvonta Länsirannalle tai Gazaan suuntautuvista tavaroista kerätyt tullit, arvonlisävero ja tuontiverot sekä 3 prosentin”käsittelymaksun”vähennys PAT: lle kyvystä tehdä palestiinalaisista tavaroista keinotekoisesti kalliita estämällä niitä kilpailemasta israelilaisten tavaroiden kanssa, pakottamalla palestiinalaiset tuomaan maahan ja sallimalla Israelille erikoistuneet markkinat viemään korkealaatuisia, heikkolaatuisia tuotteita, joita ei voida myydä muualla Kauppapolitiikan valvonta, antamalla Israelille veto-oikeus sille, mitä tavaroita tulee Länsirannalle tai Gazaan, rajoittamalla kaikkea mitä pidetään käyttö ”, jota armeija voisi käyttää lääkkeitä ja polttoainetta. Tämä toteutetaan Egyptin hallituksen avulla. Kyky kerätä tuloveroja ja sosiaalietuuksia Israelissa työskenteleviltä palestiinalaisilta tai siirtokunnilta, jotka Israelin hallitus”tyhjentää”kerran kuukaudessa PA: lle, jotta se voi viivästyttää maksuja, periä korko sen pankkijärjestelmän pääomalle ja jopa käytä sitä velkojen maksamiseen palestiinalaisille työntekijöille määrättiin turvallisuusveroja, ammattimaksuja ja turvallisuusveroja, mutta he eivät saaneet etuja.
Pariisin pöytäkirjan uudistusten yhteisvaikutus näkyy yhdessä yksinkertaisessa mutta järkyttävässä tilastossa: Palestiinan tuotantosektori laski 19 prosentista 10 prosenttiin vuosien 1994 ja 2011 välillä.
Tartir sanoi, että tämä ulkomaalainen riippuvuus asettaa palestiinalaiset vaikeaan tilanteeseen koska on niin vaikeaa saada varoja ulkomailta kotiin.”Jos haluan siirtää minkä tahansa rahamäärän Genevestä Ramallahiin”, Tartir sanoi,”sen on käydävä Israelin kirjeenvaihtajapankin kautta.”
“Palestiinalaisena viejänä tai maahantuojana et voi tehdä mitään yksin ”, hän sanoi.”Sinun on luotettava israelilaiseen kollegaan, joka auttaa sinua toteuttamaan kauppasi. Sinulla ei voi olla omaa tilaa Israelin satamissa. Tämä pakotetun vastapuolen osa ei vain lisää jokaisen liiketoimen kustannuksia, vaan hyödyttää myös Israelin taloutta. Mutta meillä ei ole muuta vaihtoehtoa.”
Vuosien 1997 ja 2017 välisenä aikana Israelin hallitsemat tarkastusmaksut ja ulkomaiset avustukset muodostivat keskimäärin 72% maksumäärärahan kokonaistuloista.
Tartir viittaa myös fintechin puutteeseen Palestiinassa. “Ramallahissa meillä ei ole PayPalia, ei TransferWiseä, ei Venmoa, ei Revolutia. Jos haluat saada rahaa ulkomailta, sinun on mentävä hakemaan käteinen Western Unionilta ”, hän sanoi.
Hän selitti, että jopa Western Union oli aiemmin joustavampi ja sitä oli saatavana kaupoista kaikkialla. Länsirannalla, mutta terrorismin vastaisten toimenpiteiden vuoksi nämä maksut ovat nyt saatavissa vain yhden tai kahden pankin kautta. Ne voivat viedä aikaa-usein päiviä tai jopa viikkoja, jos palestiinalaishallinto on ilmoittanut heidät epäilyttäviksi-ja ne ovat erittäin kalliita: 500 dollarin rahalähetys voi maksaa 30 tai 40 dollaria.
Mutta se on paras vaihtoehto, jos hän haluaa lähettää rahaa Euroopasta Länsirannalle tänään. Pankkisiirto on paljon vaikeampi prosessi, hän sanoi. Joka tapauksessa yli 10 000 dollarin lähettäminen on”melkein mahdotonta”.
YK: n raportti vuodelta 2019 arvioitu , että palestiinalaisten miehityksen verotukselliset kokonaiskustannukset vuosina 2000–2017 olivat 47,7 miljardia dollaria eli kolme kertaa vuoden 2017 bruttokansantuote (OPT). Raportissa todettiin, että 3,7% Palestiinan BKT: stä vuotaa vuosittain Israelin valtiovarainministeriöön Pariisin pöytäkirjassa vahvistettujen mekanismien seurauksena.
Se, mikä asetettiin askeleeksi kohti Palestiinan itsenäisyyttä, oli todella joukko sääntöjä. ja politiikat, jotka lisäävät Palestiinan riippuvuutta ulkomaisesta avusta ja Israelin taloudesta. Israel gave responsibility over millions of Palestinians to the PA, but did not give up control of monetary policy, banking, natural resources, transport and borders.
As a result, even though the 1990s were boom years for Israel, the Palestinian economy contracted. Despite hope from the Oslo peace deal, the Palestinian standard of living fell during the following decades, according to some estimates, declining as much as 40% by 2008.
In September 2000, triggered by Ariel Sharon’s visit to the Al-Aqsa Mosque and a drinking water crisis in Gaza, a second Intifada began. The Israeli reaction was harsh, and ultimately devastating for the Palestinian economy.
According to the World Bank, between 2000 and 2003, Israeli restricted the number of West Bank Palestinians permitted to work in Israel by 53%, and Gazans by a staggering 86%. As a result, Palestinian per capita GDP dropped by 40%, surpassing the decline felt during the 2001 financial collapse in Argentina and the U.S. Great Depression in the 1930s.
IV. The Dependency Problem
Taken all together, the Paris Protocol restrictions have led to a chronic Palestinian balance of payments deficit. Typically when a nation finds itself in such a situation, it has a few options. First, it can print more money, devaluing the currency. But Palestine has no monetary discretion, no central bank, no way to do debt monetization, and no way to print money. A second option is drawing down reserves. But given its lack of monetary independence, it has few reserves. Third, would be to borrow through debt financing. But since Palestine is not a nation, few want its debt. So the fourth option is foreign aid.
Palestine has become dependent on foreign aid to function. If the aid checks do not arrive, the government often cannot finance the public budget. Since 1993, more than $40 billion has been spent in the West Bank and Gaza Strip by international donors, making Palestinians one of the highest per-capita recipients of aid in the world.
According to Tartir, “Palestinians have been forced to live in an aid-development paradox: large amounts of aid associated with a downward decline in socioeconomic and human development indicators. In cases like Gaza, those declines have been dystopian.”
Despite all of the aid, unemployment and poverty and debt are up; per capita income is down; the economic base deteriorated; costs of living and food insecurity are up; and the promised foreign investment has not materialized.
A 2010 analysis by Nikki Tillekens showed that 71% of aid to Palestinians ended up in the Israeli economy.
“Of the more than 12 billion dollars of foreign aid given to the Palestinians between 2000 and 2008,” she wrote, “8.7 billion dollars ended up in the Israeli economy.”
International donors are, Tartir said, whether they know it or not, helping to preserve this status quo.
Each year, Washington supplies Israel with $3.8 billion of aid, and remains by far Israel’s primary market for exports and source of imports. This makes for a bizarre situation where even though the Palestinians are highly dependent on aid, Israelis receive much more of it per capita. Before 1999, U.S. foreign aid covered the entire cost of the occupation.
Today, the U.S. still heavily subsidizes the occupation in an arrangement Shir Hever called a “profitable venture” where Israeli receives payments in dollars, but builds walls and pays troops in shekels. As a result, the foreign currency reserves in the Israeli central bank increase, which can be used to pay for trade deficits or to strengthen the shekel, which has appreciated against the dollar 25% over the past 20 years. Hever argued that the Israeli government goes to great lengths to protect this mechanism, even theorizing that a main motivation behind its attack on Gaza in 2008 was to stop an outflow of shekels that was pouring into Egypt through underground tunnels, in effect draining Israeli reserves.
The U.S. government also supports the Egyptian military dictatorship, the Jordanian king and the Saudi tyranny, who all work in concert with Israel to oppose threats from Iran and its allies in the region. Even with their nuclear arsenal, Israelis are understandably wary about the Iranian threat of annihilation, as it is not an idle one. Especially when one considers Israel’s history, where it was attacked upon its independence from all sides. So it would be naive for Palestinians to expect outside support for Israel to end anytime soon.
Supporters of the status quo insist that it is just a matter of time, and that with continued gradual improvements in Palestinian standards of living, that peace will one day come. This idea dates back to the 1970s and the Carter administration, which thought that “happy” Palestinians, “who had steady employment and a functioning administrative structure, would be willing to negotiate for a settlement while under occupation.” The result of this philosophy was to de-link economic aid from sovereignty.
Many Israeli, American and European officials and donors vehemently disagree, and say that they are doing their best to help support a vulnerable Palestinian population under the thumb of corrupt and violent leaders who pose a threat to regional stability.
Tartir also blames the PA for preserving the status quo. As we speak, he said, it is repressing protestors because it does not want anyone to disrupt the deal it has, where its inner circle benefits from cooperating with the Israeli government in running a broken rentier state.
V. Yasser Arafat’s Legacy of Corruption
Fadi Elsalamaeen is a Palestinian democracy advocate. As we spoke on the phone, he told me that Palestinians were protesting in huge numbers against President Mahmood Abbas, who has ruled the west Bank for 16 years. Elsalameen called him “extremely corrupt.”
Yasser Arafat’s kleptocracy was legendary: He was estimated to be worth billions, large chunks of which he plucked out of flows of income coming from the backs of Palestinian workers in Israel, and diverted to his own bank accounts, or to French accounts belonging to his wife.
Elsalameen said that Abbas has now followed in Arafat’s footsteps, where Abbas and family have used their political power to build an empire in industries like insurance, telecommunications, construction and tobacco. According to leaked documents from the Panama Papers, Abbas and his two sons “used power and influence to control the two major Palestinian economic boards (Arab Palestinian Investment Company, Palestinian Investment Fund) and built a West Bank economic empire worth more than $300 million.”
Abbas’s son Yasser owns Falcon Tobacco, which holds a monopoly over the sale of U.S.-made cigarettes in the West Bank. According to Elsalameen, Abbas raised taxes so high on West Bank tobacco producers, to benefit his own import business, that they collapsed. Critics have accused Abbas of pilfering hundreds of millions of dollars of Palestinian state money for personal gain. A 2016 poll showed that 95.5% of Palestinians viewed him as corrupt. He continues to rule by decree.
“I hate Hamas more than Abbas,” Elsalameen said, “but we have to target the head of the pyramid scheme here in the West Bank.”
Elsalameen told me that a reliance on foreign aid has made it so that the PA is less accountable to the people, and has also created a special elite class, separate from the rest of society. Public revenues, he said, have propped up this system for decades. In 2015,”only 16% of the PA’s annual budget was spent on education, nine percent on health and one percent on agriculture,” according to Al Jazeera, but 26% was spent on the security sector, which, Elsalameen said, often targets Palestinians.
Recent protests regard a case where Abbas had activist Nizar Banat, one of his fiercest critics, killed.
“His thugs,” Elsalameen said, “went at night and abducted Banat from his home and beat him to death with clubs. Abbas gave them complete immunity. So the family of the victim said: ‘We’re going to protest until he leaves.’ And then everyone else joined them on the streets.”
Thousands marched across the West Bank and demanded an “overthrow of the regime,” Elsalameen said, in scenes that reminded some of the Arab Spring a decade ago. But Abbas continues to survive. Elsalameen said Abbas stays in power by tell ing the Israelis, Americans and the World Bank: If you do not have me in power, you’re going to have Hamas.
“That’s how Abbas gets them to protect him,” he said. “He is their client.”
Elsalameen pointed to the failed protests and said that politics is proving of limited use to the Palestinian struggle. “You can only get so far with the ballot box,” he said.
When asked about Bitcoin, he said, “Yes, we can start fighting back peacefully with Bitcoin. It’s something that any young Palestinian can do. You give up price stability, perhaps, but in return you get freedom.”
A challenge, he said, is that “we have to get people to know about it.” It’s a new, weird concept, he said. But once people understand, he has no doubt they will use it. “It’s an upgrade over today,” he said, “where people keep cash under a mattress, or where they wait a month to receive a payment from their family abroad.”
Bitcoin could also fight corruption, he thinks.
“Today, if you bribe the payment authorities, they will let your wire go through faster,” he said. “They grow fat on this. That could end with Bitcoin.”
He noted that in the young generation, many Palestinians are already buying bitcoin.
“They don’t have the S&P 500,” he said.
Elsalameen thinks the fact that both the Israelis and the PA are criticizing Bitcoin is a good thing.
“That’s how you know it’s going to help the average Palestinian,” he said.
VI. From Banking To Bitcoin In Ramallah
With average daily wages at 264 shekels in Israel, compared to 123 shekels in the West Bank, who could blame Palestinians for seeking a higher income elsewhere, even if by doing so they deepen their own dependence?
Given this reality, I asked Alaa Tartir what a decolonial Palestinian economy would look like.
“It’s a future project,” said Tartir, depressingly. “It’s nothing very close.”
He did say that there has long been an idea in the Palestinian discourse of a “resistance economy” which would allow them to stay, resist and gain sovereignty. After the second Intifada, the Arab-Israeli author Azmi Bishara “lamented the lack of a single Palestinian bank, insurance company or printing press, and called on Palestinian investors to ‘begin to think of local economic ventures with their own structures, market, and labor.”
But, Tartir said, they have always been reliant on the shekel and the Israeli financial rails, and “have always lacked the tool to make this happen.”
A Palestinian former banker named Abuwedad thinks Bitcoin can be this tool. He did not want to give his real name for our interview, but spoke to me from his home in Ramallah, where he recently left his job after seven years in the industry. By the time he quit, he was a deputy financial manager for a major bank servicing the West Bank and Jordan. He left because he had grown sick over his personal role in spreading what he considers a financial disease hurting Palestinians: too much borrowing.
“The whole system,” he said,”has been based for the last 15 years on making people borrow much more than what they can afford.”
Even worse, he said, the loans are not used to start businesses or build infrastructure, but are spent on weddings, cars or apartments downtown. According to policy researcher Yara Harari, “over the past 10 years, car loans have jumped sixfold from $40m in 2008 to $250m. Thus, Ramallah… could easily be mistaken for a prosperous city with middle-class neighborhoods full of plush villas and shiny BMWs. But this is just a facade.”
Abuwedad said that with all the easy money — and with no Robinhood, no E-Trade and no access to the world’s top stock markets — people have piled into real estate. Between 1994 and 2016, 80% of Palestinian capital formation was in b uildings. This has made costs “surreal.” It could be $100,000 for a small apartment, he said, or $1,000,000 for 1,000 square meters of land, all in a place where the GDP per capita is somewhere around $3,500.
He said that banks are guilty of helping Palestinians increase their reliance on Israel, and decrease their own sovereignty. This is as a result of reforms brought in 2007 by then-Palestinian Prime Minister Salam Fayyad, which Abuwedad said “prioritized consumerism over independence.”
The laws “required banks operating in Palestine to extend 40% of their credit locally… credit facilities skyrocketed from $1.3 billion in 2008 to $7.1 billion in 2018, a 450% increase,” according to “Political Economy Of Palestine, a new collection of essays edited by Alaa Tartir and others.
“Consider a member of the Palestinian security forces making $600 per month,” Abuwedad said. “They can now take a monthly loan 5 times or even 10 times their salary, and with 10% down in cash buy a fancy 120 square meter apartment in Ramallah.”
The banks are happy, of course, as they can make $200,000 over 25 years on every $100,000 they give out. But the people are now indebted, oftentimes for their entire lives. This is the reality now, Abuwedad said, for huge segments of Palestinian society that have borrowed to finance not just apartments but all kinds of personal goods.
Very little borrowing, he wrote, goes into industry, agriculture or entrepreneurship. In 2008, only 7% of credit was used for agriculture and manufacturing, versus 33% for “cars, credit cards, and consumption goods,” per “Political Economy Of Palestine.”
“It’s the same policies that many decades ago forced us away from creating an industrial base and made us reliant on external powers,” Abuwedad said, “just dressed up in new clothes of “state building” and “economic empowerment.”
Today, all Palestinians still look forward to freedom, he said, but the system “makes it much more difficult to focus on that ultimate goal and distracts them with immediate financial concerns.” People, he said, “are living paycheck to paycheck to pay back loans and enrich the bankers instead of saving and investing for their future.”
After leaving his job in banking, Abuwedad worked for a tech company in Ramallah for a few years, then tried to start a business with friends in the online gaming industry. He believes Palestinians can be competitive in eSports — even though they are not today — and that gaming can help with cooperation, team-building, increasing personal dignity and connecting with people abroad. However, there are so many obstacles, mainly, that the internet is not good enough (despite it being blazing fast a few miles away in Israel) and that computers are so expensive.
Abuwedad points to a laptop that might cost $1,500 in the U.S. or in Israel, and said that if he wants to buy the same thing in Palestine, it will cost as much as $3,500. At first glance, one might assume that because Israelis and Palestinians use the same currency, that inflation of the shekel would damage them equally. Abuwedad walked me through why that is not the case.
“When Palestinian imports arrive in Israel,” Abuwedad said, “they get taxed, then they cost money to store as they have to wait to be sent into the West Bank, as truck schedules are very restricted. Along the way, inventory often gets stolen. Then, local sellers mark up the goods to cover their own taxes and profits. By the time the laptop is sold in Ramallah, it could be two-to-three times more expensive than in Tel Aviv, even though everyone is using the same currency.”
Another account said that it took on average “38 days” for Palestinian traders to import and sell goods, while their Israeli counterparts could do it in 10 days. This led to an average cost per transaction of three times as much in Ramallah as in Tel Aviv. This aggressive inflation, Abuwedad said, is true for many consumer products.
“If we could import directly,” he said, “then it would be much cheaper.” He blamed the Paris Protocol, which he said is “outdated” and has not been updated in almost 30 years despite the fact that the world has changed dramatically.
Israeli and Palestinian inflation tracked together through the 1980s, when the shekel crash decimated Palestinian purchasing power, and through the 1990s. But they split after the second Intifada in October 2000. Israel experienced deflation, but the Palestinians experienced stagflation with a fall in income and a rise in prices. Palestinian purchasing power began to massively trail Israeli purchasing power. Shir Hever notes that by 2008, “the same product would have been 32% more expensive in a Palestinian city than in an Israeli city.”
Abuwedad’s plans to get out of this trap through starting a company were foiled by the COVID-19 pandemic, which he said hit the West Bank particularly hard, depressing economic activity. In the time since, he has gotten very into Bitcoin. He said there is a whole community in the West Bank and Gaza, now getting involved. I mentioned to him that global adoption of Bitcoin today is roughly around the same level as it was for the internet in 1997 — about 200 million people, or 2% of the population. He thinks that’s probably the percentage of Palestinians who are using Bitcoin, and said that will grow quickly in the coming years.
But how do Palestinians buy bitcoin?
“We always find the holes,” Abuwedad said.
He told me about a loophole, where the Palestinian Monetary Authority will block transactions from local bank accounts trying to buy cryptocurrency on exchanges. But there’s one exception, the tether stablecoin (USDT). He thinks that because Tether is linked to the dollar, they have let it slide, and so purchases of tether on platforms like Binance go unblocked. Abuwedad said that almost everyone he knows gets into cryptocurrency through tether. From there, he said, they may buy bitcoin as a savings instrument, or stay in tether as a “checking” account. He said that some people also go around the banking system entirely and use Telegram or Facebook groups to coordinate to buy tether or bitcoin in a peer-to-peer way.
Abuwedad seems to know that tether is not an ideal solution. But it works for now, he said. We discussed the idea that in the near future, Palestinians could have Lightning wallets that are “pegged” to a fiat currency like the dollar, and could use those instead of having to rely on tether. He did not know much about Lightning, but during our WhatsApp call, I showed him how to download a Muun wallet, and sent him $5 via Lightning.
“That was really fast,” he said, impressed by the instant transfer from Boston, where I was staying, to Ramallah. I told him there were virtually no fees either, and that got him even more excited. We took a moment to reflect on the fact that it is such a struggle for Palestinians to move money from one place to another, and discussed how game-changing Bitcoin is: from thousands of miles away, I sent him money and we did not have to deal with any customs police, delays, red flags, confiscations or VAT. The Israeli government did not get a cut, and neither did the PA.
He thinks stable Lightning wallets could be huge for Palestinians: a bank account where you do not need any ID, where you control your own funds, where you can transact instantly anywhere in the world for virtually no fees, and where you can choose to peg the value to the dollar or keep your money natively in bitcoin. “That’s the dream,” he said.
Abuwedad considers Bitcoin a peaceful protest against a corrupt, exploitative and centralized financial system: one that he saw from the inside during his career as a banker. The obstacle, according to Abuwedad, is that only a small number of Palestinians are using Bitcoin today.
“Most see it as an investment,” he said, “and not as a currency.”
It will take time, he said, for it to become a mass movement. Education, he said, is very important.
“People have a lot of questions, but over time, they learn, and they use,” he said.
He’s seen reports lately of the Palestinian Authority launching its own digital currency, but he does not think people will trust it. If anything, he said, it may encourage more people to use Bitcoin.
“If we want to make Bitcoin our way to say no to the world, to live free from the Oslo and Paris agreements, then we need to start using it in daily life. And that will take time,” he said.
“We all know,” he said, “that the international community will not give us freedom. So we must take it on our own.”
He told me that he chose the name Abuwedad as Wedad is the name he would call his daughter, if he eventually has one. And maybe, he said, she will grow up in a Bitcoin world.
VII. The New Resistance Economy
Kefah Abukhdeir is a third generation Palestinian-American. She grew up in Atlanta, but settled with her husband in East Jerusalem, and works as an educator.
Abukhdeir’s family originally left Jerusalem when it was under Ottoman rule, fleeing conscription to the U.S. and South America, but retained ties to the homeland. Her father returned to Palestine and became an outspoken dissident against the presence of the Jordanians in the West Bank in the 1960s. Eventually he left for good to the US, where he went to Georgia Tech and started a family in the American south. Like her family before her, Abukhdeir went back to the West Bank to Birzeit University in the late 1990s to learn Arabic. She ended up earning an education degree and eventually moved to East Jerusalem.
“If you want to break a Palestinian mother’s heart,” she said, “tell her that her child is going to study business or agriculture.” To achieve actual independence, she thinks, these two fields are critical, but it is discouraged or even shunned. It is a result, she said, of indigenous economic progress being seen as a “waste of time.”
Abukhdeir has spent the last decade working in education with Palestinian youth, with U.S. State Department programs and through Edureach, an organization that provides for teacher training and extracurricular programs for kids. There, she faced a dilemma: to be more competitive, the students have to learn English and go to school in Israel. She knows this continues to prolong the situation where Palestinians remain dependent on the world around them, and that it boosts the economy in Israel, but she wants the best future for the children, who want to be as employable as possible. “We stay up all night debating this,” she said.
“I started to feel guilty because I felt like I was facilitating brain drain,” she said. “If the kids are successful, they’ll go to college in Israel or the U.S., and they don’t want to come back.” They are then overqualified for jobs in Palestine. Best case, they could end up working for an NGO or foreign entity, like her. “We aren’t really part of the local economy,” she said. “We aren’t helping to reinvest.”
Her experience encapsulates the dilemma for many Palestinians since 1967. You could stay at home, or you could go work in Israel for higher wages and do more for your family. But you made a tradeoff, bringing economic activity and development there, instead of back home.
“Independence is financial,” Abukhdeir told me. “If we don’t have financial freedom, nothing is going to change.”
Abukhdeir pointed out that the currency usage in Palestine has varied over time. People still use the Jordanian dinar, as well as U.S. dollars, but lately, she said, the shekel has become even more popular, even in Gaza.
“Easily 80%” of your daily transactions are in shekels,” she said. This means that nearly every transaction a Palestinian makes “is supporting and deepening reliance on Israel.”
Growing up in Atlanta, she said that she learned a lot about the American civil rights movement, and studied similar movements in South Africa and Ireland.
“One of the first things they’d do,” she said, “is set up an independent economy. But we don’t have that. We just have red flags, confiscations and taxes that pay for benefits that we don’t even receive.”
Recently Abukhdeir started spending time at tech hubs in Ramallah and Jerusalem. There, she said, she was introduced to “tech colonialism.” Here, Israelis would come into recruit the best and the brightest, but there were no Palestinian companies recruiting.
“We’re creating a labor force for the ongoing occupation,” she said. “Tech is important because we need a plan that does not require raw resources. We can’t own land, we can’t manufacture — so what can we do?”
To make a change, Abukhdeir is looking at Bitcoin. She is part of a movement that will try to map the Palestinian business ecosystem, both Palestinian-owned businesses in Israel, as well as enterprises in East Jerusalem and the West Bank, and encourage new practices.
The idea is, if you’re a Palestinian-owned business, you can offer to take bitcoin for payment. It would, she said, spark curiosity, launch a circular economy, encourage more people to learn about Bitcoin, and teach them more about how money works.
“This,” she said, “is how we could end our reliance on the shekel.”
Today, Abukhdeir has teachers working for her in Gaza. She says that paying them is hugely complicated. “I can’t use PayPal, even though I’m a dual Israeli-American citizen. Even with my financial privilege, it’s hard to do,” she said.
She describes how she might take money out of her Israeli account through an ATM, deposit it in a Palestinian bank — which she could only open with her American passport — and then she can make a wire to the teacher’s account. This takes time and is expensive. But with Bitcoin, she said, she can send value instantly to the teacher in Gaza.
She said that she’s still putting the future picture together in her head.
“With Bitcoin, you could build a company that’s totally independent, where you don’t have to use a PA bank, and where you don’t have to rely on the shekel and the Israeli economy,” she said.
Abukhdeir thinks that change will ultimately come only through “huge amounts of violence or huge amounts of economic activity” and thinks the latter is the only way to find success. “We can’t settle for a half-baked solution,” she said, pointing to how the Oslo process failed.
“We need to escape completely,” she said. “If we don’t opt out of the currency, we are just going to end up strengthening the system.”
VIII. The Israeli Bitcoin Community
It is clear that some in the Palestinian community view Bitcoin as a way forward. But what about their Israeli counterparts? For background, I spoke to several Israeli Bitcoiners on the condition of anonymity.
Some are worried about the political environment in Israel right now. Some say it’s “not that bad,” but one entrepreneur told me that it is risky to do anything that could be described as “left-wing” (such as helping Palestinians through Bitcoin) and that it is getting harder and harder to speak one’s mind.
“The sentiment is getting worse by the day,” he said. “It reminds me of bad days in world history.”
He went on: “It makes it hard to think about a bright future here. It’s a huge dilemma about whether to even stay in the country.”
But while he said connecting with Palestinians about Bitcoin use has not been a topic or priority at the meetups in Tel Aviv so far — “never,” he said — he thinks it could be successful.
He said Bitcoin continues to build bridges, not walls. And when he stopped to think about how Israelis could actually extend freedom to Palestinians, Bitcoin could be a way.
“It’s not fake freedom,” he said, “like the kind we have tried to give before.”
“I’m here for coexistence,” the entrepreneur said. “I want a single state solution. I want one country with bitcoin as the currency, with the same rules for everyone. How Bitcoin can help create this atmosphere of co-existence is very important. It’s not about creating two states: it’s about reducing the power of the state.”
IX. An Israeli Settler’s View On Bitcoin
Many Israeli Bitcoiners are relatively progressive, and even sympathetic with the idea of helping Palestinians with open-source money. But what about nationalist Zionists? Or even settlers? Surprisingly, at least one of them is trying to promote Bitcoin in Palestine.
Jonathan Caras is an American tech entrepreneur and Bitcoin advocate who has been living in the West Bank for 10 years.
“I can see Ramallah from outside my window,” he told me as we spoke by video chat.
Today some 14 million individuals — approximately half Jews and half Palestinians — live between the Mediterranean Sea and Jordan River under the economic control of the Israeli government.
On one side in the state of Israel there are nine million citizens living in a robust, if eroding, democratic society. On the other, there is a military occupation of nearly five million Palestinians, now entering its 54th year. A 700-kilometer barrier — which is in many places a literal concrete wall — has been under construction for two decades, and separates the two. Caras and hundreds of thousands of other Israeli settlers live east of this barrier.
According to the Israeli civil rights group B’Tselem, “More than 2.6 million Palestinian subjects live in the West Bank, in dozens of disconnected enclaves, under rigid military rule and without political rights. In about 40% of the territory, Israel has transferred some civilian powers to the PA.” However, it reminds us, even there “the PA is still subordinate to Israel and can only exercise its limited powers with Israel’s consent.”
Sixty-one percent of the West Bank’s territory is classified as Area C — comprised of vast open spaces and farmland — and is directly controlled by the Israeli military. A 1995 agreement decreed that resource-rich Area C would be “gradually transferred to Palestinian jurisdiction” by 1997. But that has not happened. Instead, Palestinians have been prevented from harvesting or investing in this land, and Israeli settlers and companies have increasingly colonized the area.
Israel utilizes many resources in Area C, including solar power for more than 10,000 Israeli homes, water sources and farmland. At the same time, it confiscates Palestinian property. In the past 20 years, Israeli forces have, for example, uprooted more than one million productive Palestinian trees. Israel and Jordan make $4.2 billion per year selling minerals like potash and bromine from the Area C regions around the Dead Sea. A World Bank report states that Palestinians could increase their GDP by almost 10% if they were allowed to invest in this operation, too. In total, the report concludes that Palestinians could increase their GDP by 35% if they were allowed to harness Area C for agriculture, minerals, mining, construction, tourism and telecommunications.
The Israeli military has closed off most of the West Bank to Palestinian civilian access, and has installed checkpoints and barriers to stifle human movement in the remaining Areas A and B. A dizzying array of restrictions — imposed in the name of counter-terrorism — limit the ability of Palestinians to move, build, go abroad, marry, buy property, work and vote to participate in the system that governs them. The technology used to enforce this system is sold by Israeli companies like Candiru, Cellebrite and NSO Group to governments around the world. Marketed as tried and tested in the West Bank and Gaza, these surveillance products are highly sought after and considered world-class.
Hundreds of thousands of Jewish settlers now live permanently in West Bank settlements east of the Green Line, the border established as separating Israel and Palestine after the 1948 war. These settlers are financially incentivized and subsidized to move there by Israeli policies, including tax and housing benefits. In total, there are more than 280 Israeli settlements and a variety of industrial zones in the West Bank, with more than 60 outposts created in the past 10 years, all in contravention of international law. The maps of this shift in control are striking.
When the Oslo process began in 1993, there were a little more than 100,000 Israeli settlers in the West Bank, not counting East Jerusalem. Today, there are more than 475,000.
Caras is one of them. He said he is a “religious Zionist settler.” His goal is to “reinstate the Kingdom of David and build Solomon’s Temple.” Twenty years ago, he first came to Israel, and realized that “the best way for me to fulfill my Biblical obligation is to settle on an empty hilltop in the West Bank.”
In the past few years, Caras has given a number of lectures about “how technology can promote mixed interaction and co-existence.” He said that Bitcoin allows humans to cross borders that previously were impassable: legal, financial, and ideological.
“It allows us to come together,” he said. He sits on the Judea and Samaria Chamber of Commerce, and interacts frequently with Palestinians as part of his role.
He said that if he does business with a Palestinian, that could be a danger to their life. “If I want to start a business with my neighbor, his children could be killed,” said Caras. “So Bitcoin allows us to work together and keep him safe.”
He tells me that he’s seen cars get burned to the ground as a warning message for doing business with Israelis.
Caras argued that Palestinians have actually benefited from the strong shekel, comparing their plight with that of Lebanese, Syrians, Egyptians and others in the region who have suffered from high inflation or hyperinflation. He says Hamas and the PA are corrupt, but that the shekel has partially protected Palestinians from their misrule by providing a reliable unit of account, medium of exchange and store of value.
When I mentioned to him that Palestinians still suffer from significant price inflation, he said “a glass of water is always going to be more expensive in the desert than at Niagara Falls” and said this doesn’t have to do with the money, it has to do with control over the borders and goods and services.
“In the West Bank, Palestinians can’t just get stuff on Amazon,” he said. “There’s always going to be a price discrepancy.”
He said the restrictive economic regime that holds Palestinians back is “stomached” by the Israelis and the international community because of violent threats from Palestinians. “As long as Hamas and the PA are aiming to annihilate the Jewish state, there isn’t a hope for Palestinians to have the same prices as in Tel Aviv,” he said.
Ultimately, though, from a religious perspective, Caras thinks that the shekel and all fiat money will be “viewed as unethical and immoral from an Islamic Judeo-Christian perspective.”
He said that “fiat is rent-seeking, clearly a form of theft, you are paying interest to the government for building your own family’s wealth.”
He contrasted this to commodity-based money, like gold and bitcoin, where “every member of society is equal underneath heaven.”
With Bitcoin, “we all know what the rules are and we know that we can participate without people changing the rules in the future,” he said. “This is not the case when we work in a fiat system, where it’s by nature a two-party system. There’s the oligarchy of fat cats who set the monetary policy and control the flow of funds, and then the peons and serfs who are subject to its enforcement. It’s built into the name ‘fiat’ that we are not equals.”
Caras believes we are “in a messianic era” and that “Biblical prophecies are unfolding” and there’s “a lot of evidence” that Bitcoin falls under those prophecies.
When asked if he thinks the Israeli government will try to ban or restrict Bitcoin as a tool of terror or resistance, he said the Israeli people know that technological innovation and opportunity far outweighs the risks. He said that if Hamas is trying to circumvent banking restrictions by collecting funds in Bitcoin (as the Israeli government has recently alleged, seizing bitcoin on exchanges that it claimed was connected to Hamas), then that is more easily regulated than Caras “paying a gardener or web developer in bitcoin.”
He said the new Israeli prime minister has a background in cybersecurity and entrepreneurship and said a ban is unlikely.
“Banning Bitcoin,” Caras said, “is as ridiculous as banning marijuana. If I have a seed in my pocket, I can plant fields of crops. If I have 12 words in my head, you can’t stop me.”
Caras pointed out that Bitcoin is already much larger by market cap than the shekel today. He thinks countries are going to be forced to add bitcoin to their balance sheets as a reserve asset and make it legal tender, or try to ban or fight Bitcoin, a battle they will lose, and have to buy in later at a higher price.
He is a big critic of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), and talked about how cash is helpful because it is unstoppable and private.
“I would vehemently oppose replacing cash with a CBDC: it’s a form of control,” he said. “It can hurt your business if Twitter freezes your account for 72 hours. It can literally kill your business if there is no cash in society and the government doesn’t like who they saw you holding hands with on a security camera and so they freeze your account.”
But cash, he said, is still subject to debasement, and it hurts people’s ability to save for the long term.
“It will allow for a generation that believes in their ability to invest in themselves and to put money away every month that can be time locked, that can be used as collateral,” he said. “This will have a socio-economic impact, eventually, on a personal and national level for Palestinians and Israelis.”
“I put my money away for my children in Bitcoin,” he added. “I have more faith in Bitcoin than the Central Bank of Israel over the next 20 years. And I’m a big supporter of Israel. Think about that.”.
Caras does agree that paying someone in shekels is a power dynamic.
“That resonates with me,” he said, which is why he always offers to pay people in bitcoin first. “Even if they are just going to dump it,” he said, “first they’ll have to create a wallet, and begin to understand it.”
When asked if he thought Israel might lag behind Palestine in the adoption of Bitcoin, he said he is lobbying the Israeli government to be on the cutting edge. But if Palestinians made the switch to a Bitcoin standard first, he thinks it would cause Israel to “chase after them.”
Caras said he does not view himself as unbiased, and knows that some Palestinians will call him a war criminal, and a “physical representation of all of their hardships.” But, he said, he’s still been able to sit down and geek out about Bitcoin with Palestinians.
“We all want financial sovereignty,” he said. “I am interested in prosperity for everyone, not just the Jews.”
X. The Fight for Sovereignty
Many Palestinians are trying to push back against Israeli settlements, and some view Bitcoin as a possible tool that can aid this effort. To learn more, I spoke to Zaytoon, who works for the Palestinian Social Fund, an organization that is crowdfunding from the Palestinian diaspora to seed agricultural activities in the West Bank.
Zaytoon said Palestine is “totally dependent on foreign aid and imports. Our production capacity has dwindled. We don’t have sovereignty.” He believes that the future is in “producing our own food.” His plan is to grow cooperatives across West Bank villages, and launch a new governance paradigm, not dependent on foreign aid or the Palestinian Authority, but one “that the individuals and communities own.”
It is a left-wing vision, for sure. I mentioned to him that there’s also a libertarian Bitcoin community in the U.S. that is trying to achieve agricultural self-sufficiency, to go “off grid,” raise animals and crops, and seek freedom and distance from the federal government.
“At the end of the day,” he said, “we are all human. We are occupied by Israel and what we are seeing now is that an agricultural solution is necessary. The Americans you speak of might be occupied instead by consumerism, but they seek the same thing. It’s two sides of the same coin.”
Achieving agricultural independence is hard. Israeli settlements, Zaytoon said, are expanding.
“They are cutting us up geographically into Bantustans,” he said. “First they take the hilltops as vantage points, and then they go for the areas with the most fertile soil — for example the region around the Dead Sea — these places are great for growing produce all year round.”
According to B’Tselem, only one-eighth of the land under Palestinian control is even under cultivation because of Israeli’s strict permit regime.
“We must start with what we have,” he said: “the land around our houses. We can start to build a resistance economy that is more and more decentralized.”
Agricultural self-sufficiency was the spirit of the first Intifada, Zaytoon said, but that was sacrificed by Yasser Arafat and his PLO cronies for money and personal gain.
“We have to try again,” said Zaytoon.
A big problem Zaytoon and his team face is that any money going into Palestine is inspected by Israel. The financial borders are controlled. Money gets delayed, taxed, trimmed and sometimes confiscated.
“Whenever they deem us a risk, they can freeze our assets in seconds, even if we are in Canada,” he said. So, he said, they are planning to raise money in bitcoin, and sidestep the whole restrictive system. His team is currently working on setting up BTCPay Server, an open-source payment processor.
But Zaytoon wants to make it clear that an anti-colonial currency is, by itself, an incomplete solution.
“Monetary freedom must go hand-in-hand with building our production powers,” he said. “At the end of the day, any currency is an alias to resources, and we have to generate our own resources from nature and build them into valuable products that can be used in our society to further innovation and education and healthcare and food security.”
“In doing so, Palestinians should use a currency that we control, not one pegged to the Israeli economy or the petrodollar or anything else,” he added.
XI: The Future Of Bitcoin In Palestine
A few weeks ago, the Israeli government publicly announced the seizing of bitcoin funds connected to Hamas. It seems certain that the IDF will begin to demonize Bitcoin as a tool of terrorists and perhaps, make it harder for Israelis and Palestinians to use.
Given that the Israeli government has prioritized centralizing as many economic flows as possible under its control into and out of Gaza and the West Bank, any money moving outside “official channels” will likely be deemed suspicious. This could be a deterrent to future adoption.
But already today, Paxful and LocalBitcoins have vibrant peer-to-peer marketplaces in Palestine. If Bitcoin could become adopted by hundreds of Palestinian businesses, and hundreds of thousands of individuals, then it could become a remarkably powerful peaceful protest.
There is a possibility here for Palestinians — or any vulnerable population, whether trapped by foreign occupation, domestic authoritarianism, a collapsing economy, or a structural lack of opportunity — to adopt Bitcoin as a new currency. Millions of individuals are already making this choice in Turkey, Argentina, Nigeria, Iran, Lebanon and beyond.
More than two-thirds of Palestinians are under the age of 30, and more than 70% have internet access. Young people are more comfortable with the idea of mobile money, and will be looking for technological solutions to their problems. It is a risk, but adopting Bitcoin as a circular economy could very well give Palestinians a leg up on their neighbors, and position them relatively well for the next century.
El Salvador has provided a national template of how Bitcoin can be used not just as a savings instrument to invest in the future, but also as a payment network that can allow citizens to connect with anyone in the world instantly.
Could Palestine be the El Salvador of the Middle East? President Nayyib Bukele is, after all, Palestinian. His grandparents originally emigrated to El Salvador from the Jerusalem and Bethlehem areas during the fraying of the Ottoman Empire. His father even converted to Islam and “became a prominent imam in San Salvador and a vocal defender of the Palestinian cause.”
Bukele has been quoted as saying that he is very proud of his Palestinian origins, saying he “would like to see a thriving Palestinian state.” It is ironic that a person of Palestinian descent would be the first world leader to adopt bitcoin as a national currency.
There is no question that the Israeli government, American government, Palestinian Authority, World Bank and United Nations would all oppose such a move. They are all too invested in the status quo. So any adoption would have to come from a people power movement.
As for traditional attempts at reform, in the last few weeks there has been discussion of restarting the “Joint Economic Committee” (JEC) — the organization created at the time of the Paris Protocol, which would ultimately have the power to make a new currency for Palestinians. The JEC has not met since 2009 and has largely been used to oversee operations in the OPT, but Israeli and PA ministers are planning to revamp the JEC and “remove obstacles” to PA economic activity.
Palestinians have seen this movie before. An Israeli government push to help the PA has typically not done much for the average person in the West Bank or Gaza, beyond siphoning more money to PA leadership and introducing new controls on the ground. The stated goals this time are to issue 17,000 more permits to Palestinian laborers to “work in construction and industry in Israel” and to bolster the Palestinian Fuel Administration. Again, any reform here is likely to deepen Palestinian dependence on the Israeli economy and put the PA on additional life support.
Recently, the news broke that the Palestinian Monetary Authority is mulling a “central bank digital currency,” a new kind of asset meant to replace banknotes and coins with a digital central bank liability that individuals would hold on their phones. Critics have been blunt: “It’s not going to replace the shekel or the dinar or the dollar. It’s certainly not going to be a store of value or a unit of accounting,” said Barry Topf, a former senior advisor to the Bank of Israel.
Palestinians have not been able to mint their own cash — per the Paris Protocol — but even if they could, there’s no guaranteeing that the Palestinian Authority would not abuse its power and create massive inflation. Its track record on fiscal matters is poor. Topf might be right.
Moreover, the creation of a “Palestinian” currency (digital or otherwise) runs the risk of prolonging the power imbalances that exist today with the Palestinian economy. Would it provide financial “inclusion” — or global financial exclusion?
Even worse, transitioning the Palestinian economy to a digital one — whether it’s controlled by the PA, World Bank, Israel or anyone else — would be disastrous for the small amount of freedom that Palestinians do receive from cash and their informal economy, where they can save and transact outside of government control. A CBDC would enable greater blacklisting, confiscation and surveillance, no matter who is in charge of design.
XII: Activism Beyond Virtue Signaling?
A lot of the online activism for Palestine can be classified as “virtue signaling.” What does posting #FreePalestine actually achieve? Usually, very little. But by helping someone understand how to use Bitcoin, one can help them achieve a degree of real freedom: the ability to protect value from confiscation and to connect with anyone in the world.
For a people whose history is so filled with confiscation, Bitcoin gives Palestinians a way to take the fruits of their labor and time and lock it into an asset in cyberspace, beyond the control of Hamas, Israel, the PA or the World Bank, and secure it with math. It is a peaceful protest, a digital shield, that could lead to big change.
This has been underscored by the many interviews that I conducted to inform this essay. Beyond those whose stories were told, I spoke to a half-dozen other Palestinians for background. They all seemed to echo a few things:
First, as one said, “If we’re not taking matters into our own hands, then no progress will be made.” There is a tremendous (and understandable) lack of trust of the authorities on all sides, and a realization that the status quo will continue unless something new is tried.
Second, if only a few people are using Bitcoin, then everyone seems to agree that the authorities would go after them and put them in jail. But if 100,000 people are using it, then there is nothing they can do. Building a movement is paramount.
Third, if critics on the left do not get it, and continue to attack Bitcoin from their position of privilege, then, said one, they “seem to be more interested in talking about the problem than actually fixing it.” They went on: “Where’s their solution?”
The left traditionally dislikes or ignores Bitcoin. Left-wing critics and economists often call it useless: a Ponzi scheme, a tool for criminals, an environmental disaster and so on. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch continue to be silent on Bitcoin. Yes, they have done admirable work to detail the suffering of the Palestinians, but why not speak up about a technology that so many of them are already using for empowerment? The same can be said for the international community in general. If they actually want to get involved in changing the situation on the ground, it has to involve changing the money. And Bitcoin is one way to do that.
The Bitcoin silence is perhaps most sadly reflected by a search for the term on the websites of the establishment Palestinian economic think tank MAS or the Israeli civil liberties group B’Tselem: zero results. It is clear that Palestinians will continue to adopt Bitcoin. But it remains unclear if their supporters around the world will help them in this regard.
Today, Palestinians have no monetary independence, are increasingly forced to use the currency of their occupier, are unable to increase their capital base, have become more consumerist and debt-saddled, are entirely reliant on foreign aid and, in Gaza, face civilizational collapse.
When Sarah Roy reflected recently on “what is to be done,” one of her conclusions was that “knowledge production is itself a form of resistance.”
There is nothing to lose by sharing information about Bitcoin, which has already helped so many Palestinians. Perhaps the world’s largest open-source money project can help, where everything else has failed.
XIII: Fix The Money, Fix The World
In the Bitcoin community, there is a saying: “Fix the money, fix the world.”
Obviously, money is just one part of our social fabric. But it is a very important part, and at the end of the day, if Palestinians are not able to fix their money, they will not be able to fix their world.
At the end of my call with Uqab, he told me that many people were becoming so desperate in Gaza that they were selling their homes for Bitcoin. It was the same for businesses. “Any enterprise that opens in Gaza is doomed to fail,” he said, “so the owners would rather sell it than keep it.”
He said their calculation was the following: Real estate is “going to zero” in Gaza, so worst-case scenario, if bitcoin crashes, “it is the status quo for us.”
But if bitcoin continues on its historical trajectory and gains value versus fiat currencies? “Then we have a door to freedom.”
“I’m saving up for my kids,” he said, right before we hang up. “Bitcoin is going to be my ticket out of here.”
This is a guest post by Alex Gladstein. Opinions expressed are entirely their own and do not necessarily reflect those of BTC Inc or Bitcoin Magazine.